![]() ![]() The neutron-capture product of fermium-257, 258Fm, undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of just 370 microseconds 259Fm and 260Fm are also unstable with respect to spontaneous fission ( t½ = 1.5 s and 4 ms respectively). All the remaining isotopes of fermium have half-lives ranging from 30 minutes to less than a millisecond. Fm-250, with a half-life of 30 minutes, was shown to be a decay product of nobelium, element 102 and the chemical identification of the isotope 250Fm confirmed the production and discovery of element 102. Other relatively long-lived isotopes include Fm-253 (3 days), Fm-252 (25.4 hours) and Fm-255 (~20 hours). Fermium-257 is the longest-lived with a half-life of 100.5 days. IsotopesĪ total of 21 known isotopes of fermium exist with atomic weights from 242 to 260, including 2 that are metastable. Nevertheless, the historical precedence of the Berkeley team was generally recognized, and with it the prerogative to name the new element in honor of the recently deceased Enrico Fermi, the developer of the first artificial self-sustained nuclear reactor. ![]() Meanwhile, a group at the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm independently claimed discovery of element 100 by producing an isotope with a 30-minute half-life and published their work in May 1954. The 'Ivy Mike' studies were later declassified and published in 1955. They published this work in 1954, with the disclaimer that these were not the first studies that had been carried out on the element. ![]() Later the Berkeley team was able to prepare elements 99 and 100 in the lab by neutron bombardment of Pu-239 in a cyclotron. The discovery of the new elements, and the new data on neutron capture, was kept secret on the orders of the U.S. Military until 1955 due to Cold War tensions. : It was identified as 255Fm (half-life 20.07 hours). It was the β− decay daughter of an isotope of einsteinium, and it had to be an isotope of element 100. About two months after the Ivy-Mike test, a new activity was isolated emitting high-energy α-particles (7.1 MeV) with a half-life of about 1 day. So, contaminated coral from ground zero on Eniwetok atoll was shipped to Berkeley for processing and analysis. At the time, the absorption of neutrons by a heavy nucleus was thought to be a rare process, but the identification of Pu-244 raised the possibility that still more neutrons could have been absorbed by the uranium nuclei leading to additional new elements.Įlement 99, einsteinium was discovered almost immediately on other filter papers by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in collaboration with Argonne and Los Alamos National Laboratories, demonstrating that 15 neutrons were captured by U-238! The subsequent discovery of fermium required more material, as the yield of element 100 was expected to be at least an order of magnitude lower than that of einsteinium. They determined that it could only have formed by the unexpected absorption of six neutrons by uranium-238 followed by successive beta-decays. Researchers identified a new Pu-244 isotope found on filter papers on drone aircraft flown through the fallout. Element 100 was first discovered in 1952 in the fallout from the 10-megaton "Ivy Mike" nuclear test in the south Pacific the first successful test of a hydrogen fusion bomb. Fermium, element 100, is the eighth transuranium element of the actinide series and is named after the Italian physicist and Nobel Laureate Enrico Fermi. ![]()
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